TO A READER........................................................................         3

PREFACE TO RUSSIAN EDITION............................................         4

Chapter 1   VOLUME FRACTURE AND SURFACE DAMAGE.......       7

1.1 General notions..................................................................       7

1.1.1 Loading.................................................................         7

1.1.2 Strength and rigidity...............................................         8

1.1.3 Volume and surface strength..................................         8

1.1.4 Cracking resistance...............................................         9

1.1.5 Mechanical properties............................................       10

1.1.6 Internal forces.......................................................       13

1.1.7 Basic types of fracture...........................................       17

1.2 Static strength..................................................................       21

1.2.1 Mechanical state...................................................       21

1.2.2 Condition of strength..............................................       27

1.2.3 Energy of deformation............................................       29

1.3 Fatigue strength..............................................................       30

1.3.1 Fatigue curve.......................................................       30

1.3.2 Mechanisms of metals fatigue...............................       36

1.3.3 Cyclic hardening and softening..............................       42

1.3.4 Cyclic crack resistance........................................       45

1.3.5 Damage accumulation..........................................       53

1.3.6 Energetical approach............................................       58

1.3.7 Effect of different factors........................................       60

1.3.8 Analysis for fatigue...............................................       61

1.3.9 Thermomechanical fatigue.....................................       63

1.3.10 Impact mechanical fatigue...................................       66

1.4 Friction and wear............................................................      67

1.4.1 Force and friction coefficient..................................       67

1.4.2 Third body. Lubrication.........................................       74

1.4.3 Wear processes..................................................       76

1.4.4 Energetical analysis............................................       88

1.4.5 Sliding................................................................       91

1.4.6 Rolling................................................................     101

1.4.7 Fretting...............................................................     115

1.4.8 Friction and wear analyses...................................     118

1.5 Reliability.......................................................................     120

1.5.1 Failures model.....................................................     120

1.5.2 Load-strength model.............................................     124

1.5.3 Analyses of reliability ...........................................     130

1.5.4 Reliability and safety; risk ....................................     132

1.6 Material strength in constructions...................................     134

Chapter 2 ACTIVE SYSTEMS. WEAR-FATIGUE DAMAGE ......     137

2.1 Active systems and their damage...................................     137

2.2 Practical analysis ...........................................................     148

2.3 Methodology of tribo-fatigue...........................................     159

2.4 Dangerous volume and extent of damage......................     167

2.4.1 Structural element................................................     167

2.4.2 Friction pair..........................................................     175

2.4.3 Active system......................................................     186

2.5 Interaction of damages...................................................     191

2.6 Stages of damage and fracture.......................................     197

2.6.1 General notions....................................................     197

2.6.2 Durability at stage 1..............................................     201

2.6.3 Durability at stage 2..............................................     206

Self-test questions..................................................................     206

Tasks for students’ research....................................................     211

Chapter 3 WEAR-FATIGUE TEST METHODS..........................     213

3.1 Tasks...............................................................................     213

3.2 Methods..........................................................................     213

3.2.1 Basic test schemes..............................................     214

3.2.2 Basic characteristics of resistance to wear-fatigue
damage........................................................................     220

3.2.3 Determination of fatigue curve parameters...............     223

3.2.4 Methods of studies of wear-fatigue damages...........     225

3.3 Testing machines............................................................     227

3.3.1 Technical characteristics.......................................     227

3.3.2 Design peculiarities...............................................     229

3.3.3 Data control systems............................................     231

3.3.4 Auxiliaries............................................................     239

Self-test questions..................................................................     239

Tasks for students’ research....................................................     241

Chapter 4 DIRECT AND BACK EFFECTS................................     244

4.1 General notions..............................................................     244

4.2 Mechano-sliding fatigue.................................................     245

4.2.1 Direct effect.........................................................     245

4.2.2 Back effect..........................................................     250

4.3 Mechano-rolling fatigue.................................................     254

4.3.1 Direct and back effects.........................................     254

4.3.2 Translimiting state................................................     261

4.4 Effect of interaction conditions.......................................     265

Self-test questions..................................................................     269

Tasks for students’ research....................................................     272

Chapter 5 METHODS OF ACTIVE SYSTEMS ANALYSES.......     273

5.1 Limiting state.................................................................     273

5.1.1 General notions...................................................     273

5.1.2 Energetical criterion.............................................     275

5.1.3 Parameters.........................................................     280

5.1.4 Damage processes asymmetry............................     286

5.1.5 Multicriterial diagram...........................................     288

5.1.6 Isothermal fatigue: the interaction of damages.......     297

5.1.7 Analyses of the limiting state...............................     299

5.2 Reliability......................................................................     302

5.2.1 Metal-to-polymer active system............................     302

General notions................................................     302

Two-dimensional function of distribution
of limiting stresses............................................     303

Determination of parameters...............................     307

Failure probability..............................................     312

5.2.2 Metal-to-metal active system................................     319

5.2.3 System of the conditions of reliability.....................    320

5.3 Service life....................................................................     322

5.3.1 Regular loading...................................................     322

5.3.2 Block loading......................................................     325

5.3.3 Random loading..................................................     329

5.4 Force and friction coefficients.......................................     330

5.5 Damage intensity...........................................................     335

5.6 Quality, risk, safety........................................................     340

5.7 Control over wear-fatigue damage processes...............     348

5.8 Designing......................................................................     359

5.8.1 General notions...................................................     359

5.8.2 Determinations of cross-section dimensions..........     360

5.8.3 Choice of materials .............................................     362

5.8.4 Requirements for a friction coefficient....................     364

5.8.5 Assessment of reliability indicators.......................     365

5.8.6 Calculation of durability .......................................     366

5.8.7 Assessment of damage intensity .........................     367

5.8.8 Analysis of object states .....................................     368

5.8.9 Risks and safety predictions ................................     371

Self-test questions.................................................................     374

Tasks for students’ research...................................................     379

BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................     381

For chapter 1........................................................................     381

For chapters 2–5...................................................................     384

SUPPLEMENTARY SECTION................................................     387

A  Scientists about tribo-fatigue............................... 

B  TRIBO-FATIGUE: TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
(GOST 30638–99).................................................................     391

1 General notions..................................................................     391

2 Friction characteristics in an active system...........................     396

3 Resistance characteristics to wear-fatigue damage................     397

4 Alphabetical index of terms..................................................     406

4.1 Russian alphabetical index......................................     406

4.2 English alphabetical index.......................................     408

5 Definitions and units of measurement....................................     409

C  ON METHODOLOGY OF TRIBO-FATIGUE
(Prof. L A Sosnovskiy, Prof. N A Makhutov,
Prof. Gao Wanzhen).............................................................     414

Introduction............................................................................     414

Objects of studies...................................................................     415

Methods of studies.................................................................     420

Processes and phenomena.....................................................     432

Objectives and tasks...............................................................     437

Interaction between scientific disciplines...................................     440

Interests of tribo-fatigue...........................................................     442

Bibliography...........................................................................     445

D  SOME STAGES OF PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS OF TRIBO-FATIGUE
(A V Kukharev)......................................................................     450

1 Introduction..........................................................................     450

2 Tribo-fatigue: 1995................................................................     450

3 Essential stages in the progress of tribo-fatigue.......................     453

4 Tribo-fatigue: 2000................................................................     454

5 Some results and prospects...................................................    456

6 Conclusion...........................................................................     457

Acknowledgments...................................................................     458

Bibliography............................................................................     458

SUBJECT INDEX ...................................................................     461

About the author

Professor L A Sosnovskiy is the author of more than 300 scientific papers, 12 books, 3 fundamental reference books. Doctor of technical sciences, laureate of State Prize of Ukraine, Honored Scientist of the Republic of Belarus. Professor L. A. Sosnovsky developed theoretical and experimental fundamentals of Tribo-fatigue.